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Speech disorder 
Speech disorders or speech impediments are a type of communication disorders where 'normal' speech is disrupted. Someone who is totally unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute. Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. They can become targets of bullying because of their disorder, resulting in decreased self-esteem.
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2. Classifying speech into normal and disordered is more problematic than it first seems. By a strict classification, only 5% to 10% of the population has a completely normal manner of speaking (with respect to all parameters) and healthy voice; all others suffer from one disorder or another.
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3. Difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonants, such as /s/ or /r/) may be considered a Speech sound disorder, and subdivided into:
- Articulation Disorders (also called Phonetic Disorders), characterized by difficulty in learning to physically produce sounds, and are popularly referred to as "speech impediments."
- Phonemic disorders, characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many.
However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.
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4. In many cases, the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as "hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, mental retardation, drug abuse, physical impairments such as cleft lip or palate, and vocal abuse or misuse." Child abuse may also be a cause in some cases.
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5. Many types of speech disorders can be treated by speech therapy, but others require medical attention by a doctor in phoniatrics, including correction of organic conditions and psychotherapy. In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in special education programs. Many school districts also provide students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances.
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6. The types of speech disorders includes:
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7. Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, even though they are often used synonymously. Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, whereas language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and does not have to do with speech production. more... at Wikipedia
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